My Experiments in the Practice of Everyday Life

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Conduct a “Pre-Mortem.”

Rearviewmirror

When I was at the SXSW Interactive conference last week, I had the chance to meet Guy Kawasaki. I’m a big fan of his work, and I’d interviewed him, but I’d never met him in person.

Guy has worn many hats – entrepreneur, investment banker, venture capitalist, and general visionary. He’s written eight books and founded an extremely useful website, Alltop.

In Austin, he was signing copies of his new New York Times bestseller, Enchantment: The Art of Changing Hearts, Minds, and Actions. The book contains a lot of interesting ideas, but I was most struck by Guy’s suggestion to “Conduct a ‘pre-mortem.’”

After death, examiners do a post-mortem (“after death”) to determine the cause of death. In business, it’s common (though not common enough) to do a post-mortem, to understand why an initiative did or didn’t succeed.

Guy cites Gary Klein’s Sources of Power: How People Make Decisions for the idea to Conduct a pre-mortem.

In a pre-mortem, you sit down, think about what you want to happen, and imagine that your efforts failed. Then you figure out what you should have done differently to change the outcome.

I immediately realized how helpful this strategy could be. I wish I’d known to try it when planning the launch of my paperback. For some reason — the way our minds work — we approach a challenge differently when we’re looking forward to it than when we imagine looking back on it. I can think of several things I would have done differently, or thought to do it all, if I’d done a pre-mortem.

With so many endeavors, I can’t completely control success, so it’s a comfort to know that I’ve done everything I could have done. That way, even in the face of failure, I have no regrets. A friend told me, “I did everything within my powers to get that fellowship. There was not one more thing I could have done. So I don’t feel bad at all about the fact that I didn’t get it. I did what I could.”

Have you ever tried a “pre-mortem” or other strategies to help yourself look at a problem in a fresh way?

I’m working on my Happiness Project, and you could have one, too! Everyone’s project will look different, but it’s the rare person who can’t benefit. Join in — no need to catch up, just jump in right now. Each Friday’s post will help you think about your own happiness project.

* Many thoughtful readers sent me the link to this terrific post about Happiness Engineering by Scott Adams, of The Dilbert Blog. Definitely worth a read.

* The paperback of The Happiness Project hit the New York Times bestseller list again in its second week! Buy early, buy often, buy in bulk.
Order your copy.
Read sample chapters.
Watch the one-minute book video.
Listen to a sample of the audiobook.

  • http://flourishinprogress.com Elizabeth-FlourishinProgress

    brilliant. i always “think forward,” and at times, that can be overwhelming. fearing failure, trying to avoid failure, not knowing exactly how to avoid failure-these are all the thoughts i have as i look forward. perhaps allowing myself to imagine the failure and working a problem or a path backwards is the way to go.

    thanks for this.

  • talktherapybiz

    Hi Gretchen–

    What a great idea to do a “Pre-Mortem.” I’m about to switch jobs, so this sounds like a wonderful exercise to take on in the interim.

    I’m a big fan of Guy, as well. His success is astounding, and I imagine a lot has to do w thinking outside the box.

    OK, off to test out my fail-proof failure in reverse;).

    TY for this awesome tip and book review.

  • TaraBenwell

    What would you have done differently? Please tell more! I’m about to release my own first book. Even though I am self-publishing I still want to do my pre-mortem! I just released the first chapter in a podcast.

  • chun_yue

    i’ve been starting to do pre-mortems a lot, recently, and found that it’s a great boost in my happiness! i’m a huge procrastinator so it really helps me deal with the last-minute struggle, which i despise..
    for example, i’ve had the blessing to make a friend who loves to socialise, so i get invited out a lot and have made plenty of new friends. having a little stash of cute goodies, cards and a few bottles of nice wine is a great source of relief for last-minute invitations when i absolutely cannot turn up empty-handed!
    i also do my best to pre-mortem for my teaching activity. i try to imagine how the students would respond to the material I set out, and keep backup plans if the lesson plan i’ve chosen still triggers yawns…

  • AmazonReview

    Was about to buy the book on amazon, but was completely shocked by many of the reviews. The most recent one is NOT a good endorsement. Oh well, onto other happiness books!

    2 of 3 people found the following review helpful:
    1.0 out of 5 stars Two chapters in and I’m not going to read further., March 15, 2011
    By S. Gualtier – See all my reviews
    (REAL NAME)
    This review is from: The Happiness Project: Or, Why I Spent a Year Trying to Sing in the Morning, Clean My Closets, Fight Right, Read Aristotle, and Generally Have More Fun (Paperback)
    Gretchen Rubin’s problem wasn’t unhappiness, it was the boredom, malaise, ennui, or whatever of being a stay at home trophy wife. She had so much money and so much time on her hands that she didn’t know what to do with herself… so she wrote this book in, I suspect, an attempt to bring some meaning into her otherwise shallow life. I respect that it’s possible to have a lot of money and still not be happy, and for that reason, I’m glad that this woman managed to find a few new hobbies. However, if she really has it as good as she claims she does and she still doesn’t feel sufficiently happy, then she probably needs a hefty dose of therapy as well. Reading about her life and her family actually made me feel MORE miserable about my own life (even in those areas where I’m normally happy!), and I got the feeling that part of her “project” was to convince herself of her own happiness by bragging about her life and making other people feel bad. That’s right… she’s one of THOSE people. Bottom line: this book is self-indulgent, disingenuous, boring, and not relevant to most people’s lives.

    • gretchenrubin

      Fortunately, if you read past the most recent one, you’ll see that the
      overwhelming number of Amazon reviews are positive. I can’t please everyone!

      • Eve – Eve Evolves

        I hope people disregard this review and allow your book to change their lives, as it did mine, and as it has the full potential to do. Toss out the bottom and top feedback! And one of my secrets of adulthood: it’s usually not about you… so pity that poor reviewer.

        • gretchenrubin

          Thank you! I’m so pleased to hear that it was useful to you.

    • JaninOC

      Wow! Somebody needs to add a little sweetner to the coffee or something. Hope the reviewers life is just peachy since he or she doesn’t need any suggestions for appreciating their life.

    • http://twitter.com/niel_malan Niel Malan

      Of course, happiness books should be written by people who have suffered deeply and went deprived of basic human kindness, but still managed to hack out a piece of happiness from the tough rock of life. The cliché requires this.

      Of course people who were prudent and lucky and who managed to create a stable life can’t think deeply about their bounty and help other people find happiness too. Oh no, that would be counter to the cliché.

    • Karenorb

      Why do I hate this guy? S. Gualtier has completely missed this book and the author. I have never replied to anything, but I have to reply to this because it is so far off the mark. From EXPERIENCE, using the book for the last year, I can tell you it is nothing but helpful and wonderful.

      • gretchenrubin

        Thanks so much! It’s so nice to hear that the book did resonate with you. I
        really appreciate hearing that.

    • elizabeth_the_k

      It saddens me that you’re gonna miss a life-changing, positive book because of a few people, like the guy who wrote this review, who think that anyone who is well-off has no problems. I’ve read a lot of the reviews of Gretchen’s book on Amazon. Most were positive, but the negative reviews were from people who either came off as very angry and jealous that Gretchen married into a financially secure family (which she never mentions in the book, and why should she?), or think that money is the cure for everything and think that money is the source of all happiness – that’s a very shallow viewpoint.

    • Kelsey

      “The opposite of love is indifference, and the opposite of happiness is boredom.” Timothy Ferriss, The 4-Hour Workweek

  • Ashley

    As someone who has a tendency to “pre-mortem” everything, I can tell you this is not always a good thing! For perfectionists, thinking about everything that could possibly go wrong becomes VERY overwhelming and can quickly turn into over-planning and over-worrying. And why does this sneaky spiral start in the first place? Because we’re afraid of screwing up.

    • gretchenrubin

      This is a very good point. You don’t want to get paralyzed by thinking of
      everythign that can wrong.

    • http://www.maggiesokay.com Maggie

      Totally agree, Ashley. I regularly pre-mortem myself sick. I cause the problem I’m envisioning! Time to step back.

  • http://writeorwrongdoingitanyway.blogspot.com/ Beth

    This is a fantastic idea, and certainly one I will try while trying to get my writing career off the ground. Thinking about possible failires will make me think in a totally different way, and possibly explore avenues I haven’t previously thought of. :-)

  • http://arrangedinlove.wordpress.com/ Tharisi

    What a terrific idea! I have to try this. Also, please share with us what you would have done differently when you released your book. Thanks.

  • Peninith1

    Somehow I feel like there is a big ‘ick’ factor in the idea of a pre-mortem . . . I much prefer the good old military mouthful that I have lived with all my career: “scenario-based planning.” You run a lot of what-ifs, but they don’t all have to be total ‘fail’ what-ifs. As part of an agency (Corps of Engineers) that must plan to respond to a wide variety of problems from dam and levee failures to weather disasters to invasive plants and fish and damage to habitat for endangered species, I’m used to thinking about a lot of possible things that could happen. I have learned that however valuable my planning and training may be–and they ARE, the unexpected and unforseen always trumps imagination in some unimagined way. Those poor people in Japan know for sure, after decades of being better prepared than most, they still have been overwhelmed by the unexpected dimensions of reality. The first ‘premortem’ step we should all take is to decide in advance to have compassion for ourselves if we ‘failed to imagine’ the unforseen. Everyone always does.

    • gretchenrubin

      Eisenhower said, “Plans are worthless, but planning is everything.”

  • http://writingunwrittenends.blogspot.com/ Katie B

    I think the wording ‘pre-mortem’ is a bit morbid.
    I don’t necessarily think about how things could go wrong, but I do like to think about all possible outcomes of a major decision. Being aware of the possible outcomes of a decision enables me to think of how to respond to those outcomes- whichever one arises.
    I think it’s especially helpful to consider all outcomes when a decision involves other people and their perspectives. Always a good idea when making a decision to consider how others could perceive it and why- it enables you to respond or preempt their concerns.
    Of course, I suppose there is something to be said for ‘whatever will be will be’…if a situation is meant to turn out one way- well, it will. It might be futile to think about possible outcomes, when in reality it will only end one way.
    For me, even though I know the real outcome may be out of my control, I still like to think about possible outcomes and responses to them- it doesn’t hurt to be prepared.

  • http://www.womanincredible.com Kat Eden

    Do you know, I have never heard of this sort of idea before … and it’s not often you actually come across something new on the internet (or anywhere!).

    I love the idea of doing a pre-mortom when it comes to achieving health or weight loss goals … it’s so easy to beat up on yourself for going off track with crappy food or no exercise for weeks (and you definitely DO feel awful!), but wouldn’t it be so much more effective, and ultimately positive, to visualise feeling that way and then make the choice to NOT have it become your reality?

    Have just ordered your starter kit; I’m excited to see what it involved. Thanks!

  • http://www.my-reset-button.com Edwin

    Sometimes it feels as though thinking that our expectations won’t be met is taboo. In the back of my mind, whenever I am thinking of starting a new project, I think of the worst end result (will I waste money? waste time? will it have negative effects? on who?) but if I bring up the idea to any one else, they might say that I am being pessimistic.

  • Marci

    I like Stephen Covey’s “Begin with the end in mind” philosophy. He asks that you pretend you’re at your own funeral and consider what you want people to say about you. What have you accomplished? How have you treated others?

    Then consider: am I living that life? (Will my children remember that I spent hours on my phone and computer? or will they remember how I was always there for them? Did I write that book I always thought I was going to, or was I afraid to even start it?)

    Same idea as pre-mortem. Just not as morbid sounding.

  • Mel

    Why would it only be the things that go wrong? I am tired of assuming things could go wrong, so I am working now to plan on how I want them to be ideally, and how I can be better at planning for what I want to to differently.

    • gretchenrubin

      EXCELLENT point. The pre-mortem could also take the form of “We succeeded
      beyond our wildest dreams — why??” and imagine what you would have done to
      get there.

      I know an exercise where a professor says, at the beginning of the semester,
      “I’m giving you an A. I’m telling you that right now. And I want you to
      write me an essay in which you explain what you will have done this semester
      to accomplish that extraordinary grade.” Somehow, this exercise helps people
      think bigger and bolder.

  • Tony

    The pre-mortem, from Gary Klein’s excellent “Sources of Power” book, is a great way of doing it. Even better, particularly for groups, is a Cognitive Edge exercise called “The Future, Backwards” – helps you see the pattern of how you’ve got to Now (particularly patterns you repeat or are stuck in) and then look at both positive and negative futures and how you might get to them. Very, very powerful.

  • shoganad

    Hi..I wrote one of my principle on the tweet :’Humor is the ESSENCE of the human mind and can provide a daily ration of optimism.If you can laugh watching your morning face,you have humor’..
    So , if you can, you are like me..
    Conclusion: I like very much your mind, so I fallow you to learn , to feel better and if you agree, sometimes,I ‘ll be writing what I feel about your ideas or what is shooting my mind
    Present myself : real name Argentina Golea ,from Roumania, 47 years old( see my profile on facebook)..I like smart people and share ideas..
    Best regards
    Shoganad
    (I chose this anonym because I respect very much japan spirit )
    Sorry for my english mistakes..Isn’t my first or second language